Global Mapping of Infectious Diseases, Volume 62: Methods, Examples and Emerging Applications (Advances in Parasitology)

Product Details
»Book Publisher: Academic Press (24 August, 2006)
»ISBN: 0120317621
»Book author: Simon I. Hay, Alastair Graham, David J. Rogers

Book Description:
This special volume of Advances in Parasitology gives a comprehensive overview of the practical procedures involved in all aspects of global mapping. Coverage includes new research and new data, along with descriptions of new techniques in global mapping. With chapters written by leading experts in the field, it should be a standard for years to come.

With an impact factor of 3.9, the series ranks second in the ISI Parasitology subject category.

* Includes DVD of global environmental and global population data, including scripts for predicting disease distributions and evaluating the accuracy of these mapped products.
* Valuable source of both technical and epidemiological data in this rapidly growing field.
* Discusses practical applications of techniques to the study of parasitic and infectious diseases.

Contents

CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 62

SERIES EDITORS’ PREFACE

GUEST EDITIORS’ PREFACE

Models for Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases

D.J. Rogers

Abstract

1. A Brief History of Distribution Modelling

2. Families of Distribution Models

3. Predictor Variable Selection in Distribution Models

4. What to Do With Sparse Datasets?

5. Incorporating Spatial Information Into Models

6. Model Selection and Multi-Model Inference

7. Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

Global Environmental Data for Mapping Infectious

Disease Distribution

S.I. Hay, A.J. Tatem, A.J. Graham, S.J. Goetz and

D.J. Rogers

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. The AVHRR Sensor

3. Temporal Fourier Analysis (TFA)

4. Future Global Environmental Data

5. Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Issues of Scale and Uncertainty in the Global Remote

Sensing of Disease

P.M. Atkinson and A.J. Graham

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Issues of Scale and Spatial Resolution

3. Issues of Uncertainty

4. Summary

Acknowledgements

References

Determining Global Population Distribution: Methods,

Applications and Data

D.L. Balk, U. Deichmann, G. Yetman, F. Pozzi, S.I. Hay and

A. Nelson

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Data

3. Methodology

4. Health Applications

5. Discussion

6. Data Dissemination

Acknowledgements

References

Defining the Global Spatial Limits of Malaria

Transmission in 2005

C.A. Guerra, R.W. Snow and S.I. Hay

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. The Distribution of Malaria Risk from Travel Guidelines

3. The Biological Limits of Transmission

4. Distinguishing P. falciparum and P. vivax risk

5. Regional Analysis

6. Discussion

7. Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

The Global Distribution of Yellow Fever and Dengue

D.J. Rogers, A.J. Wilson, S.I. Hay and A.J. Graham

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. The Pathogens

3. Materials and Methods

4. Results

5. Discussion

6. Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

Global Epidemiology, Ecology and Control of

Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections

S. Brooker, A.C.A. Clements and D.A.P. Bundy

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Transmission Dynamics and the Environment

3. Ecological Correlates

4. Predicting Distributions

5. Urbanization

6. Global Control Strategies

7. Control Applications of GIS/RS

8. Global Distributions

9. Predicted Numbers of Infections

10. The Future

Acknowledgements

References

Tick-borne Disease Systems: Mapping Geographic and

Phylogenetic Space

S.E. Randolph and D.J. Rogers

Abstract

1. Predicting Changing Risk of Infection on Evolutionary Time

Scales

2. The Evolutionary Time Scale for Vector-Borne Flaviviruses

3. Correlates of Phylogenetic Patterns

4. Testing the Role of Climate in the Evolution of Tick-borne

Flaviviruses

Acknowledgements

References

Global Transport Networks and Infectious

Disease Spread

A.J. Tatem, D.J. Rogers and S.I. Hay

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Global Transport Networks and Pandemics

3. Global Transport Networks and Disease Vector Invasions

4. Global Transport Networks and Vector-borne Diseases

5. Conclusions

Acknowledgements

Climate Change and Vector-Borne Diseases

D.J. Rogers and S.E. Randolph

Abstract

1. The Mathematics and Biology of Changes in Vector-Borne

Diseases

2. Defining the Criteria for Claiming Climate Impacts on

Vector-Borne Diseases

3. Models for Climate Change Impacts on

Vector-Borne Diseases

4. Biological and Statistical Approaches to Vector-Borne

Disease Futures

5. Recent Changes in Vector-Borne Diseases: Has Climate Change

Already had an Impact?

6. Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

INDEX

CONTENTS OF VOLUMES IN THIS SERIES

Antibiotics as Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Agents

Product Details

• Hardcover: 273 pages
• Publisher: Birkhauser; 1 edition (February 14, 2005)
• Language: English
• ISBN: 3764359250

Book Description:
Although the potential for immunomodulation has been recognized for many years there has been an explosion of data in this field with relevance especially to the treatment of chronic airway diseases. Most of the work in this field has been conducted by Japanese investigators but in the last decade there has been a body of work outside of Japan that supports and enhances these findings. The book covers basic research like effects on bacteria, anti-inflammatory and mucoregulatory effects, but also clinical results with up-to-date information for the use of such medications to potentially treat diseases as diverse as chronic airway diseases, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer. The volume is intended for pulmonary physicians, researchers in inflammation research, and pharmaceutical companies interested in the development of such agents. It provides background information for the clinician as well as in depth exploration of cutting edge science.

Contents

List of contributors

Preface

I. Basic research

Indirect antimicrobial effects

Kazuhiro Tateda, Theodore J. Standiford and Keizo Yamaguchi

Effects of antibiotics on Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factors

and quorum-sensing system

Anti-inflammatory effects

Michael J. Parnham

Antibiotics, inflammation and its resolution: an overview

Charles Feldman and Ronald Anderson

The cytoprotective interactions of antibiotics with human ciliated

airway epithelium

Jun-ichi Kadota

Chemotaxis

Hajime Takizawa

Cytokines

Marie-Thérèse Labro

Antibacterial agents and the oxidative burst

Jun-ichi Kadota

Immune system

Mucoregulatory effects

Kiyoshi Takeyama

Macrolides and mucus production

Jun Tamaoki

Ion channel regulation

II. Clinical results

Arata Azuma and Shoji Kudoh

The use of macrolides for treatment of diffuse panbronchiolitis

Adam Jaffé and Andrew Bush

Macrolides in cystic fibrosis

Kazuhiko Takeuchi, Yuichi Majima and Qutayba Hamid

Macrolides and upper airway/sinus disease

Rose Jung, Mark H. Gotfried and Larry H. Danziger

Benefits of macrolides in the treatment of asthma

Arata Azuma

Roles of antibiotics in treatment of lung injury

Keiichi Mikasa, Kei Kasahara and Eiji Kita

Antibiotics and cancer, arthritis and IBD

Bruce K. Rubin, Markus O. Henke and Axel Dalhoff

Anti-inflammatory properties of antibiotics other than macrolides

Index

Laboratory Hemostasis

Product Details

• Paperback: 244 pages
• Publisher: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.; 1 edition (May 2007)
• Language English
• ISBN-10: 0387368388
• ISBN-13: 978-0387368382

Book Description:
Coagulation testing is the basis for the diagnosis of bleeding and thrombotic disorders, as well as the mainstay of anti-coagulant monitoring and management. The laboratory director requires significant expertise to manage the coagulation laboratory. This expertise includes the selection, validation and harmonization of analyzer/reagent combinations across health care organizations that often include physician offices, point of care testing, hospital laboratories and shared core laboratories. Pathologists are often responsible for managing a healthcare system's coagulation testing, yet the basics of managing a coagulation laboratory are inadequately addressed in many, if not most, pathology residency training programs. In addition, there is no textbook to which residents or practicing pathologists can refer for assistance. The same can be said for medical technologists or non-pathologist clinicians who find themselves in charge of a coagulation laboratory. This handbook will address the need among practicing pathologists, laboratory supervisors/managers, pathology trainees and clinicians for a straightforward reference for managing a hemostasis laboratory and coordinating testing across multiple locations and technologies. The handbook format will allow quick reference to specific topics and be useful for answering specific questions or for Board exam review. The full spectrum of coagulation testing, basics of methodology and instrumentation, and the responsibilities of the laboratory director will be covered.

Contents

Preface vii

Acknowledgments ix

1. Role and Responsibilities of the Laboratory Director 1

Sterling T. Bennett

2. Collection of Coagulation Specimens 27

Sterling T. Bennett

3. Instrumentation for the Coagulation Laboratory 41

Christopher M. Lehman and Catherine Thompson

4. Validation of Coagulation Assays, Instruments and Reagents 57

Sterling T. Bennett

5. Hemostasis Screening Assays 85

George M. Rodgers and Christopher M. Lehman

6. Testing for Inherited Bleeding Disorders 103

George M. Rodgers

7. Testing for Acquired Platelet Disorders 121

Christopher M. Lehman

8. Acquired Coagulation Disorders and TTP 137

George M. Rodgers

9. Testing for Inherited and Acquired Thrombotic Disorders 143

George M. Rodgers

10. Monitoring Anticoagulant Therapy 167

Sterling T. Bennett

11. Coagulation Testing and Transfusion Medicine 207

Robert C. Blaylock and Christopher M. Lehman

Index 227

Oceans and Health: Pathogens in the Marine Environment

Product Details

• Hardcover: 464 pages
• Publisher: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. (Nov 2005)
• Language English
• ISBN-10: 0387237089
• ISBN-13: 978-0387237084

Book Description :
The release of non-disinfected wastewaters into the marine environment is a common worldwide practice, in under-developed as well as in highly developed countries. Consequently, the seas are constantly infused with wastewater bacteria, among them highly pathogenic ones. In view of the public health significance of this phenomenon, it is surprising how little is actually known concerning the fate of such bacteria once they enter the sea. While numerous studies have addressed the effects of various environmental parameters on colony formation, many of them actually ignore the fact that bacteria can retain viability and infectivity while losing colony-forming ability. Only in recent years have efforts also been directed at unraveling the mechanisms determining bacterial sensitivity or survival under these conditions. This, therefore, is one subject of "Oceans and Health: Pathogens in the Marine Environment": the survival, infectivity, pathogenicity and viability of enteric bacteria in the sea. Chapters also detail the public health aspects of wastewater release, civil engineering and economic considerations, other sources of pathogens, and much more.

Contents

1. Pathogens in the Sea: An Overview

Colin B. Munn

2. Diversity, Sources, and Detection of Human Bacterial Pathogens

in the Marine Environment

Janelle R. Thompson, Luisa A. Marcelino, and Martin F. Polz

3. Biotic and Abiotic Effects

Lester W. Sinton

4. Survival of Enteric Bacteria in Seawater: Molecular Aspects

Yael Rozen and Shimshon Belkin

5. Human Pathogenic Viruses in the

Marine Environment

Albert Bosch, F. Xavier Abad, and Rosa M. Pint´o

6. Survival of Viruses in the Marine Environment

Charles P. Gerba

7. Zoonotic Protists in the Marine Environment

Ronald Fayer and James M. Trout

8. Marine and Estuarine Harmful Algal Blooms: Impacts on Human

and Animal Health

Jan Landsberg, Fran Van Dolah, and Gregory Doucette

9. Pathogenic Vibrio Species in the Marine and Estuarine Environment

Carla Pruzzo, Anwar Huq, Rita R. Colwell, and Gianfranco Donelli

10. Vibrio vulnificus

James D. Oliver

11. Vibrio parahaemolyticus—Seafood Safety and Associations

with Higher Organisms

Firdausi Qadri, Nandini Roy Chowdhury, Yoshifumi Takeda,

and G. Balakrish Nair

12. Global Microbial Ecology of Vibrio cholerae

Rita R. Colwell

13. Gram-Positive Bacteria in the Marine Environment

Maria del Mar Lle`o, Caterina Signoretto, and Pietro Canepari

14. Fecal Contamination in Coastal Areas: An Engineering Approach

M. Pommepuy, D. Hervio-Heath, M. P. Caprais, M. Gourmelon,

and F. Le Guyader

15. Retention of Pathogenicity in Viable Nonculturable Pathogens

Iddya Karunasagar and Indrani Karunasagar

16. Thalassogenic Infectious Diseases Caused by Wastewater Pollution

of the Marine Environment

Hillel Shuval

17. Bacterial Pathogens of Marine Fish

Brian Austin

18. Microbial Diseases of Corals

E. Rosenberg and Y. Barash

19. Aquaculture and Animal Pathogens in the Marine Environment

with Emphasis on Marine Shrimp Viruses

Jeffrey M. Lotz, Robin M. Overstreet, and D. Jay Grimes

Index

Basic Laboratory Procedures in Clinical Bacteriology

Product Details
»Book Publisher: World Health Organization (December, 2003)
»ISBN: 9241545453
»Book author: J. Vandepitte, J. Verhaegen, K. Engbaek
Book Description:

This manual is a practical guide, for use by laboratory workers in health centres and district hospitals, to the procedures to be followed in obtaining specimens, isolating and identifying bacteria, and assessing their resistance to antibiotics. It covers bacteriological investigation of blood, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, stool, sputum, pharyngeal and genital specimens, and purulent exudates. Particular attention is given to the need for quality control of all laboratory procedures. A list of media and reagents needed for the isolation and identification of the most common bacterial pathogens is included, together with an indication of their relative importance for the intermediary laboratory. This list is intended for adaptation to local circumstances.

This second edition has been updated in many areas, including a greatly enhanced section on stool specimens and a new section on serological tests.

Contents

Preface viii

Introduction 1

Quality assurance in bacteriology 2

Introduction 2

Definitions 2

Internal quality control 6

External quality assessment 16

PART I

Bacteriological investigations 19

Blood 20

Introduction 20

When and where bacteraemia may occur 20

Blood collection 20

Blood-culture media 22

Processing of blood cultures 23

Cerebrospinal fluid 25

Introduction 25

Collection and transportation of specimens 25

Macroscopic inspection 26

Microscopic examination 26

Preliminary identification 28

Susceptibility testing 29

Urine 30

Introduction 30

Specimen collection 30

Culture and interpretation 32

Interpretation of quantitative urine culture results 34

Identification 35

Susceptibility tests 36

Stool 37

Introduction 37

Etiological agents and clinical features 37

Appropriate use of laboratory resources 39

Collection and transport of stool specimens 40

Visual examination of stool specimens 41

Enrichment and inoculation of stool specimens 41

Media for enteric pathogens 42

Primary isolation 42

Preliminary identification of isolates

Final microbiological identification 50

Serological identification 54

Upper respiratory tract infections 60

Introduction 60

Normal flora of the pharynx 60

Bacterial agents of pharyngitis 61

Collection and dispatch of specimens 62

Direct microscopy 62

Culture and identification 63

Susceptibility testing 65

Lower respiratory tract infections 66

Introduction 66

The most common infections 66

Collection of sputum specimens 68

Processing of sputum in the laboratory (for

non-tuberculous infections) 68

Culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis 72

Interpretation of cultures for M. tuberculosis 74

General note on safety 74

Sexually transmitted diseases 76

Introduction 76

Urethritis in men 77

Genital specimens from women 79

Specimens from genital ulcers 82

Purulent exudates, wounds and abscesses 86

Introduction 86

Commonly encountered clinical conditions and the

most frequent etiological agents 86

Collection and transportation of specimens 89

Macroscopic evaluation 90

Microscopic examination 91

Culture 92

Identification 93

Susceptibility testing 97

Anaerobic bacteriology 98

Introduction 98

Description of bacteria in relation to oxygen requirement 98

Bacteriology 98

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing 103

Introduction 103

General principles of antimicrobial susceptibility testing 103

Clinical definition of terms “resistant” and “susceptible”:

the three category system 104

Indications for routine susceptibility tests 106

Choice of drugs for routine susceptibility tests in the

clinical laboratory 107

The modified Kirby–Bauer method 109

Direct versus indirect susceptibility tests 117

Technical factors influencing the size of the zone in the

disc-diffusion method 118

Quality control 120

Serological tests 122

Introduction 122

Quality control measures 122

Serological reactions 125

Serological tests for syphilis 126

Febrile agglutinins tests 133

Antistreptolysin O test 135

Bacterial antigen tests 137

PART II

Essential media and reagents 141

Introduction 142

Pathogens, media and diagnostic reagents 143

Blood 144

Cerebrospinal fluid 144

Urine 145

Stool 146

Upper respiratory tract 147

Lower respiratory tract 148

Urogenital specimens for exclusion of sexually transmitted

diseases 149

Pus and exudates 149

List of recommended media and diagnostic reagents

for the intermediate microbiological laboratory 150

Selected further reading 154

Index 155